Prof. Dr. Muhammad Irshad Malik explains how thyroid problems are investigated and treated.
He reviews common presentations — neck swelling, pressure symptoms, voice change, and abnormal thyroid blood tests — and why not every lump is cancer.
The teaching focuses on which tests matter: thyroid function bloods, neck ultrasound for nodule pattern, and fine-needle aspiration cytology when imaging suggests a higher-risk lesion. He explains how these results guide whether observation, medicine, or surgery is appropriate.
Cancer risk is framed honestly: most nodules are benign, but certain ultrasound and cytology findings raise concern and need specialist review. Treatment options discussed include medical management of over- or under-active thyroid disease, surveillance of low-risk nodules, and surgery when compressive symptoms, suspicious cytology, or confirmed malignancy are present.
He encourages patients in Lahore to seek structured ENT / head-and-neck assessment rather than relying on incomplete testing alone.
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